Ridge gourd Farming

Climate and Season for ride gourd :

Edge gourd can be developed during summer and blustery seasons yet not during winter in regions, where the temperature goes underneath 25°C, since it requires a temperature of 25 to 35°C, for germination of seeds.

Ridge Gourd Farm 

Suitable Soil 

It fills well in loamy soil or free soil. Appropriate waste is required. 

VarieYield of seeds

Improved Varieties 

1. Pusa Nasdar 

Created in IARI, New Delhi. Yield - 37 to 39 t/Acre. 

2. Pusa Nutan 

Created in IARI, New Delhi. It is 25 to 35 cm long. Yield 39 t/Acre. 

3. Gasp Torai 

Created at GBPU, Pant Nagar, Gujarat. It is around 5 Cms in length. 

Yield - 25 t/Acre. Appropriate for blustery seasons. 

4. CO 1 

Created at TNAU, Coimbatore. It is 60 to 75 Cms in length. Yield 35 t/Acre. 

5. CO 2 

Created at TNAU, Coimbatore. It is 90 to 100 Cms in length. Yield 60 t/Acre. 

6. PKM 1 

Created by TNAU ,Coimbatore. Yield 70 t/Acre. 

7. Swarna Manjari 

Created by HARP, Ranchi. Yield 49 t/Acre. Open minded to fine buildup. 

8. Punjab Sadabhar 

Created by PAU, Ludhiana. 25 t/Acre. 

9. Satputia 

Cultivar of Bihar. Produces group of organic products with 5 to 7 natural products for every bunch. Yield 50 to 60 t/Acre. 

10. Arka Sujat 

Created by IIHR, Bangalore. It is 35 to 45 cm long. Yield 63 t/Acre.

Ridge Gourd to market

Yield Management 

Field Preparation 

The field is to be furrowed multiple times prior to planting. Field Yard compost to be applied to the fields @ 125 Kg and Neem Cake @ 250 Kg for each section of land alongside Azospirillum 5 Kg and 6.5 Kg of Pseudomonas after second furrowing. It is attractive if the pH worth of the dirt is at 6.5 to 7. Great seepage for water is required. 

Propagation 

Proliferation of the plant is through seeds. 

Sowing, Nursery and Transplanting 

Seed Rate 

Around 12 kg seed for each Acre is needed for edge gourd development. 

Seed Treatment 

The seeds of edge gourd are exceptionally hard and having an extremely smooth surface and may set aside more effort to sprout. To empower for prior germination of seeds, they are to be first roughed gently with turning over a sand paper and absorbed luke warm water over night. Prior to planting, the seeds are to be treated with Trichoderma viride @ 4 gm for each kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 gms for every kg of seeds. 

Transplanting 

The seeds can be straightforwardly planted three numbers in a pit or can be filled at first in a polythene sack loaded up with same soil and relocated at the pits after a solid development of the plant. Diminishing to two plants after sound development of plants to be done. 

Spacing 

The plants are planted at a dividing of 150 X 200 cm. 

Methods 

The seeds are planted after two strategies. One is Bed type the other is Pits or wrinkles type. By and large the Bed type technique, is followed for Trellis or raised sort of developing and Pits type is followed for ground following strategy for developing. In ground following technique, the organic products will have a level side though in raised strategy the natural products will be round shape. 

Water Management 

Trickle Irrigation framework is most appropriate for Ridge gourd developing. In this the parallel lines are laid at a time frame Meters and the drippers separated @ 60cm in the middle with a water limit of 3.5 Liters each hour. 

Nutrient Management 

N-P-K at the pace of 60-85-75 kg for each section of land prior to planting and N @ 50 kg for every section of land following 30 days. Splash Ethrel @ 2.5 ml per 10 liters of water following 15 days of planting and once in seven days after that. This will help expansion in yield. 

Weed Management 

Evacuation of weeds and earthing up of soil to the plants to be completed before use of composts. Utilization of Fluchloralin @ 2.5 kg per section of land or Bensulide @ 15 Kg for each section of land to the documented 15 days prior to planting helps control weeds.

Yields and Profits 

In a acre Ridge gourd yield Upto 45-50 Tons. Profit in a acre 2 lakhs to 4 lakhs.

Teak Trees Farming

Teak Trees Farming 

Nursery raising 

Teak germination is regularly low a result of lethargy. To break the torpidity of the seeds, they should be pre-treated for seven days by then again watering and drying them. 

The seeds were planted in raised nursery beds (10 x 1 x 0.3 m) that had been arranged with a dirt and sand blend. Watered consistently and ensured with coconut leaf or paddy straw. Germination starts 10 to 15 days subsequent to cultivating and endures 35 to 45 days. When the seed has started to develop, eliminate the covering. The seedlings can be relocated into polythene sacks or kept in nursery beds for 10 to a year to plan stumps. 

Site determination 

Discover the appropriateness of a given site for teak, since teak will possibly flourish whenever planted on the right site. A slight variety in the development conditions can bring about a gigantic variety in yields. 

Soil 

Profound, very much depleted alluvial soils, a modestly wet, warm, tropical climate, and pH levels going from 6.5 to 7.5. Since teak is inclined to soil disintegration, estates ought to be planted on undulating and fairly level landscape, with slants more noteworthy than 12o stayed away from. 

Environment 

Fills in where precipitation range between 800-2500 mm and up to a height of around 1,200 m amsl. Can withstand temperature going from 13-44oC. 

Light 

A high light force, somewhere in the range of 75 and 100% of the full daylight is needed for better development and advancement. 

Waste and water system 

Teak is extremely touchy to helpless waste, so water system ought to be applied during pressure period to support the development. 

Pre-plant tasks 

Land ought to be completely cleaned and totally ready with shrubbery clearing and consuming to diminish the level of the fuel load inside the site. Coating out and pitting should begin well ahead of time before the beginning of downpours. In India, a dispersing of 2 x 2 m with an underlying establishing thickness of 2,500 braid/ha is rehearsed. Quality pits (25 cm long by 25cm wide by 25 cm profound) will permit seedlings to set up a legitimate establishing framework that guarantees endurance.

Teak can likewise be raised alongside horticultural yields at a dividing of 4m x 4m or 5m x 5m. For this 45 x 45 x 45 cm sizes pit ought to be loaded up with a combination of FYM, Fertilizers, and soil. 

Establishing activity 

For planting, pick excellent clonal plants or seedlings. Seed creation regions (SPA) are made by changing over the best regular stand or estate by killing sub-par trees and passing on just great trees to give quality seeds to ranch raising. It fills in as a temporary measure until the seed plantations produce seed. 

Hole filling 

Ought to be done inside a similar blustery season, and during acquisition of seedlings, an additional a 20% ought to be saved for this activity. In the event that mortality is huge, ranchers ought to pick replanting the field. 

Weeding 

Weeds and different species will adversely affect their development. Hence, weed control is a basic between social action in teak manors. Weed control can be refined by a mix of synthetic and manual weeding methods. 

Pruning and Thinning 

Pruning ought to be finished during the dynamic developing season. To shield trees from flames, all epicormic and branches ought to be moved 6 m inside while pruning, and any flotsam and jetsam around the trees ought to be eliminated. To restrict illness transmission, keep cuts clean. 

To stay away from rivalry among the trees, diminishing ought to be finished. To set aside more prominent space for development, any forking and ineffectively created crowns and stems ought to be eliminated. 

Security and the executives 

Backwoods fire the board ought to be arranged, with an unmistakable technique for observing and concealment. 

In India around 300 types of creepy crawlies have so far been accounted for to be related with teak. Teak defoliator (Hyblaea puera and Eutectona machaeralis) cause broad harm to youthful manors. Root decay because of Polyporous zonalis is additionally normal in the manor. Pink infection growth causes ulcers and bark chipping. Fine buildup brought about by Olivea tectonae and Uncinula tectonae prompts untimely defoliation. 

New leaf concentrates of Azadirachta indica were viewed as best against teak skeletonCollecting

Collecting

First quality teak yields at 20 years old, when the normal breadth is 27.2 cm and the normal stature is 23.2m.

Marigold Farming

Significance: 

1. Marigold is one of the most usually developed blossoms for garden design and broadly utilized as free blossoms for making festoons for strict and social capacities. 

2. It has acquired notoriety among the grounds-keepers by virtue of its simple culture and wide flexibility. 

3. Its propensity with the expectation of complimentary blooming, brief term to deliver attractive blossoms, wide range of appealing shadings, shape, size and great keeping quality has drawn in the consideration of blossom producers. 

4. Marigolds are great for cut blossoms, particularly for making laurels. 

5. They can be planted in the beds for mass showcase or filled in pots. The French Marigolds are reasonable for hanging bin and edging. 

6. The interest for Marigold blossoms during Dashara and Diwali is exceptionally high. 

Environment: 

1. Marigold requires gentle environment for lush development and blooming. 

2. The ideal temperature range for its bountiful development is 18-20°C. 

3. Temperatures above 35°C confine the development of the plants, which prompts decrease in blossom size and number. 

4. In extreme winter, plants and blossoms are harmed by ice.

Soil: 

1. Marigold can be filled in a wide scope of soils, as it is adjusted in various soil types. 

2. French (Dwarf) marigolds are best developed in light soil though a rich all around depleted, wet soils are most appropriate for African (Tall) marigolds. 

3. Sandy topsoil soil with pH 5.6 to 6.5 is great for its development. 

Species and cultivar 

Among 50 types of marigold just for are developed. These are 

1. Tagetes erecta (African marigold): developing it for restorative, formal and ornamental purposes. This plant arrives at statures of between 50–100 cm (20–39 in). The shading range is from white and cream to primose, yellow, gold and orange. 

2. Tagetes patula (French marigold): The bloom is a yearly, periodically arriving at 0.5 m by 0.3 m.. stem is rosy in shading and the foliage is more obscure than African marigold. The shade of blossom fluctuates from yellow to red, either single or twofold and borne on proportionately long peduncle. 

3. Tagetes tenufolia( Syn. T. signata); it is a smaller person and rugged plant. Blossoms have 5 beams, roundish and obovate with fiery tarragon flavor. 

4. Tagetes lucida (aromatic marigold): The plants are delicate, lasting, leaves are sessile, little and lanceolated. Blossoms are normally 2-3 rayed. 

Native assortments of African Marigold: 

1. Pusa Narangi Gainda: The plant of this assortment is medium strature, grows a heit of 8085 cm. the plant stay vegetative for 100 days and blossoms in 125-135 days. The blossoming term goes from 45-60 days. The shade of bloom is orange with enormous unsettled florets. The yield of assortment 25-30 tonnesw/ha. This is an open pollinated assortment and seed can be duplicated in ranchers field. 

2. Pusa Basanti Gainda: The plant of this assortment are medium strature, which grows a stature of 60-65 cm. the plant stay vegetative for 135 days and requires 140-145 days to flowers.the plant need to squeeze 45-50 days. The assortment planted in October and relocated during November. It is a free pollinated assortment and yield up to 75-100 kg of seeds/ha. 

3. Pusa Arpita: It is summer developing marigold. The plant have thick foliage. It is additionally an open pollinated assortment. 

4. Serakal: this assortment was recognized in Eastern India. The claim to fame of this assortment is uniform and ragged development of the foliage and uniform size of blossoms also. The plant is by and large developed by cutting. This plant can be engendered consistently. 

Land arrangement: 

For the primary field, the land ought to be furrowed very much followed by 2-3 nerve racking and blending of FYM @ 20-25 t/ha ought to be joined to the dirt. Make the edges and wrinkle appropriately. 

Engendering: 

1. There are two normal strategies for spread of marigold for example by seeds and by cuttings. 

2. Plants raised from seeds are tall, enthusiastic and substantial yielder and subsequently, seed spread is liked to cuttings. 

Nursery rising: 

1. The marigold seeds are dark in shading and stay feasible for around 1-2 years for ascending of seedlings, 

2. Seed sprout in 5-7 days. Prior to planting the seeds ought to be treated with captan 2g/kg of seed to forestall damping off. 

3. Seeds ought to be planted in pots, seed boxes or raised nursery beds. 

4. Nursery beds are ready by burrowing region and consolidating all around bad FYM. 

5. Prior to planting the seeds, the dirts ought to be doused with Captan to keep away from the subterranean insects, which divert the seeds. 

6. Seeds ought to be planted daintily (6-8 cm line to push) and 2cm profound and covered with sieved leaf form. 

7. The nursery beds ought to be stayed wet during whole period. 

8. The amount of seed required relies fair and square of its virtue and germination rate. 

9. By and large 200-300g seed/section of land is needed for bringing the nursery up in summer and blustery season, and 150-200g/section of land for winter season. 

10. Around 1.0-1.5 kg seeds is needed for planting in one hectare while 250 g/ha is adequate if there should arise an occurrence of F1 mixture. Seed sprout in 5-7 days. 

11. The seed sprout 4-5 days subsequent to planting and seedlings become prepared for relocating following 3 a month for planting. 

Planting time and season: 

Contingent upon climate, planting of marigold should be possible in three seasons for example stormy, winter and summer and seeds are planted in like manner. Consequently, blossoms of marigold can be acquired consistently. The periods of planting and relocating of seedling for getting blossoms at various periods of a year are as under:

Feb March and June, July 

Relocating of seedlings: 

1. Marigold seedlings are effortlessly relocated and set up in the field absent a lot of mortality. 

2. At the hour of relocating, they ought to be stocky and bear 3-5 genuine leaves. 

3. Meager and long seedlings don't make a decent plant. 

4. Extremely old seedlings are likewise not alluring. 

5. Relocating ought to be done in ready land and soil is squeezed around root zone to keep away from air pocket. 

6. Subsequent to relocating, a light water system or watering with rose stick ought to be finished. 

7. Plant thickness relies to a great extent on the development propensity, cultivar and the dirt kind. 

8. As a general rule, dispersing ought to be 30 cm x 30 cm for French marigold and 40 cm x 40 cm for African marigold. 

9. Appropriate separating between plants is needed for better advancement of plant and higher blossom yield. 

Compost and manures 

1. Very much disintegrated FYM @ 24 t/ha ought to be blended prior to furrowing. 

2. Furthermore suggested N:P:K compost portion would be 100:75:75. 

3. Half amount of nitrogen ought to be and brimming with potash and phosphorus ought to be applied as basal portion, ideally multi week subsequent to relocating. 

4. The excess amount of nitrogen ought to be 30-40 days subsequent to relocating. 

5. Marigold likewise requires zinc and boron for blossom quality and yield. 

Weeding 

1. Weeds are a significant issue in marigold particularly in blustery season crop. On the off chance that the weeds are not eliminated on schedule, an extraordinary misfortune would happen as far as development and usefulness of marigold. 

2. During the whole development 3-4 manual weeding are required. 

3. Weeding ought to be done as and when vital. 

Water system 

1. Water system is done once in a week or as and when important. 

2. Water stagnation ought to be stayed away from. 

3. Inundate the harvest in 7-8 days span, however the recurrence and amount of water likewise rely on soil and season. In lighter soil, more regular water system is needed than that in substantial soil. 

4. In warm summer it requires water system following 405 days stretch while at 10-12 days span in cold weather months. 

5. Blustery season crops are watered by the environment. 

6. Steady dampness supply be kept up with from bud development to collecting of blossoms. 

Squeezing/nipping and earthling up: 

1. Three weeks subsequent to relocating earthling up is done and afterward multi week in the wake of earthling up or multi month in the wake of relocating the seedlings. 

2. Squeezing is followed for rugged development of the plant and advancement of horizontal branches. 

3. Squeezing is by and large accomplished for the 40 days subsequent to relocating, late squeezing at 50-60 days demonstrated less powerful for expanding. 

4. Squeezing results into creation of more number of blossoms.

Harvest 

1. Subsequent to relocating plans require 40-50 days to bloom. 

2. Free blossoms are culled when accomplish standard size contingent on the assortment. 

3. Blossoms ought to be gathered toward the beginning of the day hours. 

4. Water system prior to culling gives better bloom quality. 

5. Culling of blossoms routinely and evacuation of dried blossoms improve the yield. 

6. French Mangold begins blooming 1 to 1 Vz months subsequent to relocating while African Marigold I 14 to 2 months in the wake of relocating of seedlings. 

7. For Garland tail less completely opened blossoms (free blossoms) are picked, white for container embellishment likewise completely opened blossoms with tail are culled. 

8. Free blossoms are pressed in a bamboo crate, while roses with tail are grouped in packs and moved to advertise. 

9. From one plant close around 100 to 150 blossoms are acquired. Sprouting span is close around 90 days. 

Pressing: 

1. Subsequent to gathering, it is smarter to keep blossoms in cool spot. 

2. The marigold is gathered in gunny packs for neighborhood market and for distance market bamboo bushel are utilized. 

Yield: 

African marigolds yield around 15-28 t/ha while the French marigold yields 10-12 t/ha.

Profitable Chillis Farming in Tamil Nadu

Soil and Ph

All around depleted loamy soils wealthy in natural matter with pH range 6.5-7.5. 

Period of planting

   1. January - February 

   2. June - July 

   3. September-October 

Seed rate of seeds

    1) Assortments: 1.0 kg/ha. 

    2) Cross breeds: 200 - 250 g/ha. 

    3) Nursery region: 100 sq.m/ha.

Seed treatment 

Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g/kg and sow in lines separated at 10 cm in raised nursery beds and cover with sand. Watering with rose should must be possible every day. Soak the nursery with Copper oxychloride @ 2.5 g/l of water at 15 days stretch against damping off sickness. Apply Carbofuran 3 G at 10 g/sq.m. at planting. 

Secured nursery 

Set up the nursery space of 3 pennies with inclining slant of 2 % for the seedling creation to cover 1 ha. 

Cover the nursery region with 50 % conceal net and cover the sides utilizing 40/50 cross section bug verification nylon net. 

Structure raised beds of 1 m width and helpful length and spot HDPV pipes at 2m span for additional insurance with polythene sheets during blustery months. 

Blend disinfected cocopeat @ 300 kg with 5 kg neem cake alongside Azospirillum and phosphobacteria each @ 1 kg. Roughly 1.2 kg of cocopeat is needed for filling one protay. 300 protrays (98 cells) are needed for the creation of 29,000 seedlings, which are needed for one hectare embracing a separating of 90 x 60 x 45 cm in a matched line framework. 

Plant the treated seed in protrays @ 1 seed for every cell. 

Cover the seed with cocopeat and keep the plate one over the other and cover with a polythene sheet till germination begins. 

Following 6 days place the protrays with developed seedlings separately on the raised beds inside the shade net. 

Water with rose can regular upto seed germination. Soak with 19:19:19 @ 0.5% (5g/l) at 18 days subsequent to planting. 

Field readiness 

Completely set up the field with the expansion of FYM @ 25 t/ha and structure edges and wrinkles at a dispersing of 60 cm. Apply 2 kg/ha of Azospirillum and 2 kg/ha of Phosphobacteria by blending in with 20 kg of FYM. Inundate the wrinkles and relocate 40-45 days old seedlings, with the chunk of earth on the edges. 

Dividing 

Assortments : 60 x 45 cm 

Mixtures : 75 x 60 cm 

Weed control 

Apply Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. /ha or Fluchloralin 1.0 kg a.i. /ha as pre-emergece herbicide followed by hand weeding once 30 days in the wake of planting. 

Water system 

Water is done at week after week spans. 

Format and planting for trickle water system and fertigation 

Apply FYM @ 25 t/ha as basal before last furrowing. 

Apply 2 kg/ha of Azospirillum and 2 kg/ha Phosphobacteria by blending in with 20 kg of FYM. 

Apply 75 % absolute suggested portion of superphosphate for example 375 kg/ha as basal. 

Introduce the trickle water system with fundamental and sub principle lines and spot horizontal cylinders at a time period m. 

Spot the drippers in parallel cylinders at a time frame cm and 50 cm dividing with 4 LPH and 3.5 LPH limits separately. 

Structure raised beds of 120 cm width at a timespan cm and spot the laterals at the focal point of the each bed. 

Prior to establishing wet the beds utilizing trickle framework for 8-12 hrs. 

Planting to be done at a dispersing of 90 x 60 x 45 cm in the combined line framework, utilizing ropes set apart at 60 cm separating. 

Shower Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. /ha or Fluchloralin 1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre-development herbicide at third day in the wake of planting. 

Hole filling to be done at seventh day subsequent to relocating. 

Manuring 

Assortments 

Basal portion : FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 30:60:30 kg/ha. 

Potassium as K2SO4 for quality improvement. Use of potassium as potassium sulfate will build nature of stew. 

Top dressing : 30 kg N/ha in equivalent parts on 30, 60 and 90 days in the wake of planting. 

Mixtures 

Basal portion : FYM 30 t/ha, NPK 30:80:80 kg/ha. 

Top dressing : 30 kg N/ha in equivalent parts on 30, 60 and 90 days in the wake of planting. 

Fertigation plan 

Bean stew F1 HYBRID 

Suggested Dose: 120:80:80 kg/ha 

5% RD of Phosporous applied as superphosphate = 375 kg/ha 

1. 19:19:19 = 42 kg/ha 

2. 13:0:45 = 160 kg/ha 

3. 12:61:0 = 20 kg/ha 

4. Urea = 193 kg/ha 

Impact of Endo root solvent and Mycorrhizae on Chili 

Apply 250g of Endo Roots Soluble in two divides portions at 15 DAT and 45 DAT alongside 100 % N and K and half P for better return and saving of Phosphorous. 

Apply 250g of Mycorrhiza in two parts at relocating and 30 DAT alongside 100% N and K and half P for better return and saving of Phosphorous. 

Development controllers 

Shower Triacontanol @ 1.25 ml/l on 20, 40, 60 and 80th day of planting. Shower NAA 10 ppm (10 mg/l of water) on 60 and 90 days in the wake of planting to build organic product set. 

Micronutrient splash 

Foliar splash of Zn SO4 @ 0.5 percent threefold at 10 days span from 40 days in the wake of planting. 

Splash 19:19:19 + Mn @ 1 % at 60 days in the wake of planting. 

Weed control 

Splash Fluchloralin @ 1 lit a.i/ha or Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i/ha. or on the other hand Oxyflourfen @ 0.15 kg a.i./ha as pre-rise herbicide and might be joined with hand weeding once and earthing up 45 days subsequent to planting. Raise intercrop of onion in combined line framework to get extra pay. 

Plant security 

Nuisances 

Natural product drill 

Incorporated irritation the executives of natural product drill: 

Set up pheromone snares for Helicoverpa armigera or Spodoptera litura at 12 Nos./ha. 

Assortment and annihilation of harmed foods grown from the ground up caterpillars. 

Splash Bacillus thuringiensis at 2 g/lit. 

Furnish poison snare with carbaryl 1.25 kg, rice grain 12.5 kg, jaggery 1.25 kg and water 7.5 lit/ha or shower any of the accompanying bug spray 

Root tie nematode 

Apply TNAU definition of VAM (containing 1 spore/g) to control root tie nematode in nursery. 

Sicknesses 

Damping off 

Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens 10 g/kg of seed 24 hours prior to planting. Apply Pseudomonas fluorescens as soil application @ 2.5 kg/ha blended in with 50 kg of FYM. Water stagnation ought to be stayed away from and soak with Copper oxychloride at 2.5 g/lit at 4 lit/sq.m 

Leaf spot 

Leaf spot can be constrained by showering Mancozeb 2 g/lit or Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/lit. 

Bite the dust back and natural product decay 

Splash Mancozeb 2 g/lit or Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/lit. threefold at 15 days stretch beginning from seeing the pass on back side effects. 

Anthracnose 

Utilization of sickness free seeds 

Treat the seeds with T. viride 4 g/kg or P. fluorescens 10 g/kg of seed 24 hours prior to planting 

Splash Mancozeb 2 g/lit or Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/lit threefold at 15 days stretch beginning from seeing the pass on back manifestations 

Gather 

Gathering should be possible 75 days in the wake of relocating. Initial two picking yield green stew and accordingly yield red ready natural products. 

Yield 

Assortments : 2 - 3 t/ha of dry units or 10 - 15 t/ha of green chillies. 

Half and halves : 25 t/ha of green chillies.